The growth of geopolitical tensions, caused by the unprecedented pressure of sanctions by the global power coalition, coupled with the flight from the country of many adherents of liberalism; have intensified the public debate about the optimal path for Russia’s further socioeconomic development. Should we insist on the preservation of the former export-oriented system, which allows us to ensure a trade surplus, or should we aim for the transition to a mobilization model of the economy, and thus, a sharp increase in state regulation in the cornerstone sectors of the national economy?