Some 170 years ago, whilst Great Britain and France – the leading Western-European powers – had already made it through the Industrial Revolution, Russia was seriously lagging behind. The ruling elite, still living the memories of the early-19th-century military victories, could not grasp the actual size of the gap. Driven by their illusions of the invincibility of the army and navy, they let the country lose the Crimean War. The defeat, however, forced the government and Emperor Alexander II himself, coronated in 1856, to look into retooling and upgrading the structure of the military industry. The Russian Empire’s best engineers and scientists were assigned to this task.